| dc.description.abstract | In the last decades, the modeling of crowd motion and pedestrian .ow has
attracted the attention of applied mathematicians, because of an increasing num-
ber of applications, in engineering and social sciences, dealing with this or similar
complex systems, for design and optimization purposes.
The crowd has caused many disasters, in the stadiums during some major
sporting events as the "Hillsborough disaster" occurred on 15 April 1989 at Hills-
borough, a football stadium, in She¢ eld, England, resulting in the deaths of 96
people, and 766 being injured that remains the deadliest stadium-related disaster
in British history and one of the worst ever international football accidents. Other
example is the "Heysel Stadium disaster" occurred on 29 May 1985 when escaping,
fans were pressed against a wall in the Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium, as
a result of rioting before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final between Liv-
erpool of England and Juventus of Italy. Thirty-nine Juventus fans died and 600
were injured. It is well know the case of the London Millennium Footbridge, that
was closed the very day of its opening due to macroscopic lateral oscillations of
the structure developing while pedestrians crossed the bridge. This phenomenon
renewed the interest toward the investigation of these issues by means of mathe-
matical modeling techniques. Other examples are emergency situations in crowded
areas as airports or railway stations. In some cases, as the pedestrian disaster in
Jamarat Bridge located in South Arabia, mathematical modeling and numerical
simulation have already been successfully employed to study the dynamics of the
.ow of pilgrims, so as to highlight critical circumstances under which crowd ac-
cidents tend to occur and suggest counter-measures to improve the safety of the
event.
In the existing literature on mathematical modeling of human crowds we can
distinguish two approaches: microscopic and macroscopic models. In model at
microscopic scale pedestrians are described individually in their motion by ordinary
di¤erential equations and problems are usually set in two-dimensional domains
delimiting the walking area under consideration, with the presence of obstacles
within the domain and a target. The basic modeling framework relies on classical
Newtonian laws of point. The model at the macroscopic scale consists in using
partial di¤erential equations, that is in describing the evolution in time and space
of pedestrians supplemented by either suitable closure relations linking the velocity
of the latter to their density or analogous balance law for the momentum. Again,
typical guidelines in devising this kind of models are the concepts of preferred
direction of motion and discomfort at high densities. In the framework of scalar
conservation laws, a macroscopic onedimensional model has been proposed by
Colombo and Rosini, resorting to some common ideas to vehicular tra¢ c modeling,
with the speci.c aim of describing the transition from normal to panic conditions.
Piccoli and Tosin propose to adopt a di¤erent macroscopic point of view, based on
a measure-theoretical framework which has recently been introduced by Canuto et
al. for coordination problems (rendez-vous) of multiagent systems. This approach
consists in a discrete-time Eulerian macroscopic representation of the system via
a family of measures which, pushed forward by some motion mappings, provide
an estimate of the space occupancy by pedestrians at successive time steps. From
the modeling point of view, this setting is particularly suitable to treat nonlocal
interactions among pedestrians, obstacles, and wall boundary conditions.
A microscopic approach is advantageous when one wants to model di¤erences
among the individuals, random disturbances, or small environments. Moreover,
it is the only reliable approach when one wants to track exactly the position of a
few walkers. On the other hand, it may not be convenient to use a microscopic
approach to model pedestrian .ow in large environments, due to the high com-
putational e¤ort required. A macroscopic approach may be preferable to address
optimization problems and analytical issues, as well as to handle experimental
data. Nonetheless, despite the fact that self-organization phenomena are often
visible only in large crowds, they are a consequence of strategical behaviors devel-
oped by individual pedestrians.
The two scales may reproduce the same features of the group behavior, thus
providing a perfect matching between the results of the simulations for the micro-
scopic and the macroscopic model in some test cases. This motivated the multiscale
approach proposed by Cristiani, Piccoli and Tosin. Such an approach allows one to
keep a macroscopic view without losing the right amount of .granularity,.which
is crucial for the emergence of some self-organized patterns. Furthermore, the
method allows one to introduce in a macroscopic (averaged) context some micro-
scopic e¤ects, such as random disturbances or di¤erences among the individuals,
in a fully justi.able manner from both the physical and the mathematical perspec-
tive. In the model, microscopic and macroscopic scales coexist and continuously
share information on the overall dynamics. More precisely, the microscopic part
tracks the trajectories of single pedestrians and the macroscopic part the density
of pedestrians using the same evolution equation duly interpreted in the sense of
measures. In this respect, the two scales are indivisible.
Starting from model of Cristiani, Piccoli and Tosin we have implemented algo-
rithms to simulate the pedestrians motion toward a target to reach in a bounded
area, with one or more obstacles inside. In this work di¤erent scenarios have been
analyzed in order to .nd the obstacle con.guration which minimizes the pedes-
trian average exit time. The optimization is achieved using to algorithms. The
.rst one is based on the exhaustive exploration of all positions: the average exit
time for all scenarios is computed and then the best one is chosen. The second
algorithm is of steepest descent type according to which the obstacle con.guration
corresponding to the minimum exit time is found using an iterative method. A
variant has been introduced to the algorithm so to obtain a more e¢ cient proce-
dure. The latter allows to .nd better solutions in few steps than other algorithms.
Finally we performed other simulations with bounded domains like a classical .at
with .ve rooms and two exits, comparing the results of three di¤erent scenario
changing the positions of exit doors.
[edited by author] | en_US |
